What causes reduction of ozone layer?

 When carbon chemicals used on the earth escape into the atmosphere they are broken down by solar radiation to release Chlorine' Florine and Bromine which in chain reaching destroy the ozone molecules. This reaction occurs more frequently than ozone replacement resulting in thinning of the ozone layer. It is sometimes refereed to a depleting Ozone layer.

 IS THE OZONE LAYER THREATHENED.

 Atmospheric Measurement tells us the Ozone layer is getting thinner and that at certain times of the year an Ozone layer "hole" appear over the Antarctica. Some people believe that this reduction is due to solar or volcanic activity but most scientist believe certain man made chemicals are major contributors to the problem. These chemicals include C.F.C FOUND IN refrigerators, solvents, blowing agent used for foam and halms used in fire fighting.

 iii) Classification of Ozone Depleting Substances.

 1.    Italo- containing compunds

2.    Nitrogen containing compounds.

3.    Sulphur containing compounds.

4.    Carbon containing compounds.

   (iv) BRIEF DISCUSSION ON:

 (I)                ITALO- CONTAINING SUBSTANCES.

1.    Fire fittighing Dep.- Alternative samples.

2.    Other uses: - Refegration equipment, icing, mailing plants.

3.    Fumigants pestcontrol- Methyl Bromide

                                           -Phascout period.

                                           -2010.

2) NITROGEN CONTAINING COMPOUNDS-

 Formation: - Nitrogen oxide NH4 depletion of water and formation on carbonyls- Depletes environmentally available of oxygen hence depletion of oxygen from the environment. Sulhur -at high temperature at atmospheric passurots. Inputs to highly toxic oxides.

 These are the man made chemicals that are forming very high odp. That needs to be addressed to seriously

 INDENTIFICATION OF ODS

 The National Ozone Unit (NOU) is the central national unit; usually PART OF THE Environmental Agency or Department of Natural Resources, responsible for co-ordinating a counter's efforts with respect to Ozone protection and facilitating ODs phase-out. The main responsibilities of the NOU include:

 ·        Country Programme and institutional Strengthening programme implementation

·        RMP implementation often including recovery & recycling programmes and training programmes for refrigeration technicians and customs officers.

·        Preparation of proposals for policies, strategies, laws, regulation incentives, agreements with the private sector and other measures for national ODs phase-out.

·        Consultation and co-ordination with stakeholders organisation of stakeholder meetings as necessary.

·        Advice and support to industry, serving sector and end-users on the different phase-out options for ODs;

·        Promoting of public awareness programs;

·        Data reporting, as required by the Montreal Protocol.

TRAINING CUSTOM OFFICERS

Government officials in these agencies are well trained on issues pertaining to the Montreal Protocol, but may have little knowledge of custom's operations. It is important that the ozone officers and customs officials meet early on in the implementation of the phase-out program and regularly thereafter, and each agency has a clear understanding of its respective role in implementing import and export controls. Close co-operative is essential to establish a successful control regime.

 Systemic monitoring of all ports of entry into the country helps control legal imports and prevent illegal imports of ODs by identifying mislabeling or other false documentation. Inspections of imports, belonging to persons known to import ODs from sale or for their own use, should be mandatory in order to verify compliance with the regulations. The environment agency, licensing agency and customs department should aim for compliance by monitoring imports and exports of controlled substances through border and document checks.

As the enforcement officers responsible for monitoring borders and all points of entry for cargo, customs officers have the leading role in examining documents and cargo. This initial examination is the simplest way to identify shipments of ODs and to distinguish between legal and illegal shipments of ODs.

 Verify Paperwork.

 Paperwork can be verified with a supervisor and the environmental protection agency. Customs officers should contact the NOU or appropriate national office when illegal imports are suspected.

 Verify Allowances.

 Customs officers should request that importers verify

 Possession of sufficient iciest allowances to import the Quantity of ozone depleting substances in question and whether the specific shipment has been authorized through an import permit.

 Register of         if the customs officer has no direct online access to

Allowances &      the register of imports of each import allowances        

Permits and import permits granted or to the actual imports

of each importer, the customs officer must contract

the NOU or licensing agency to check the data. The       

Importer must have sufficient allowances granted

And valid import permits for the specific shipment of

ODS.

 Officers should inspect and analyse the goods if the papers are suspect or incomplete, ODS is labeled as recycled refrigerant of if there is any other indication of mislabeling.  

Screening for ODS.

 Trained and authorized customs officers may screen for ODS refrigerants by using refrigerant identifiers, the temperature/ sure method or leak detectors as described in Chapter7.

 Chemical analysis.

 If chemical analysis in an accredited laboratory is required, for instance in order to prepare court cases, a specially trained and authorized technical expert from the government laboratory should be consulted.

Smaller refrigerant cylinders can be transported directly to the laboratory. Mass spectroscope and gas chromatograph are common methods of analysis.

 Licensing agencies

 The licensing agency may be different from the NOU. Two or three different agencies may be responsible for licensing ODs. For example, the Ministry of Trade may license CFCS, WHILE THE PESTCIDE OR TOXIC Chemicals Board may license Methyl bromide. The appropriate licensing agency or agencies will offer or deny licences to importers or exporters of ODs. 

Ministry of trade industry or commerce

 The ministry of Trade, industry or commerce is a key stakeholder in the implementation of licensing system. This Ministry often requires a license to I port goods. The license may be one of many required by the licensing system. Under national law, the Ministry has certain powers to limit or ban the import or export of certain goods. This MAY include establishing a " negative list" of goods not allowed to enter the country. The collection of data is handled differently in each country. Please refer to the "country Handbook on ODS regulations and import/Export licensing system" for specific procedures. UNEP'S" Handbook on data reporting " also provides guidance on the collection of data.

 Monitoring & evaluation.

 The ODS licensing agency will monitor the actual use of import/export licenses and should collect data on the functioning and performance of the licensing system including the incidence of infractions, seizures and penalties, the quantities of imported and seized goods etc. Base on these data, the agency and the NOU(if different) will evaluate the effectiveness of the licensing system. In consultation with the relevant stakeholders, corrective measures may be introduced.

 An effective monitoring system will provide an appropriate basis for policy decisions, design of regulations planning of training activities, and public awareness campaigns etc.  

INSTITUTIONAL SET-UP &ROLE OF STAKEHOLDERS

 This section explains the roles of the National Ozone Unit and the Customs Department in the implementation of the RMP and the enforcement of national ODs regulations to monitor and control legal trade and to prevent illegal trade of ODS,ODS-containing products or ODS- based equipment.

In general, the NOU co-ordinates the implementation of the RMP in co-operation with an implementing Agency of the Multilateral Fund. Often, the NOU is part of an environment agency, trade and industry agency or meteorological service, but this is not the case in all countries. The Customs Department if often part of the Ministry of finance.

 Other import stakeholders involved in the operation and enforcement of the licensing system may include the licensing agency (if different from the NOU) police and coast guard, pestcides Board, Bureau of standard, Government Laboratory, industry and trade representatives or associations, as well as the general public.

 Each country has a different division of responsibilities among its institutions and other players, but all stakeholders must share the common goal of phasing out ODS. A brief description of a NOU IS provided below. The "country Handbook on ODS regulations and import/export Licensing System" will provided more country- specific information.

 7. IDENTIFYING ODS.

The chapter focuses on the different methods of identifying and analysis chemical substances, which are potentially, mislabeled ODs or illegal ODS imports. The different smuggling schemes and methods to direct illegal trade. This aspect will be discussed in phase of this custom training. Customs officers should be trained in the use of ODS- identifying equipment.

 Random testing/sampling is advised to verify the contents of both large and small containers of all types of gas and chemicals as well as ODS equipment and products.

 The following section lists the various ODS-Identifying equipment available and their limitations to correctly identifying ODS.

WHERE CAN ODS BE FOUND.

  ODS can be found in containers and also equipment and products,.

The container will vary depending on the type of ODS. For example liquefied compressed gases are contained in pressurized cylinders.

Liquid ODS are contained in pressure-less drums, barrels, bottles or other standard containers as they are used for all types of liqued chemicals.

  ODS may also be contained in the following products and equipment:

·        Vehicle air-conditioning systems.

·        Refrigerators.

·        Freezers.

·        Dehumidifiers.

·        Water coolers.

·        Ice Machines.

·        Air conditioning &heat pump units.

·        Compressors.

·        Aerosol products.

·        Portable fire extinguishers.

·        Insulation boards, Panels and pipe covers.

·        Foams, and

·        PRE-polymers.

Refrigerant Identifiers/analysers.

Refrigerant identifiers/analysers are small portable units and allow the reliable identification of certain ODS and non-ODS. The more Sophisticated models detect CFCS, HCFCS, HFCS and hydrocarbons and are able to also analyse composition, water content, and purity.

 Portable identifiers/analysers are connected to the cylinder or equipment and do not require taking samples. Therefore any trained customs personnel familiar with the use of refrigerant identifiers /analysers can test the refrigerant charge of cylinders, refrigerators and stationary and mobile air-conditioning systems.

Access valves for equipment containing ODS VARY. Specialized equipment may be needed to test refrigerators, compressors and mobile and stationery air-conditioners, as many of these have sealed metal valves. Access valves for vehicle air-conditioners are located on the compressor. Safety precautions need to be observed when testing.

Pressure/ Temperature test.

 It is likely that smugglers will attempt to smuggle pure and not contaminated refrigerants. The vapour pressures of pure refrigerants, measured at a certain temperature, are sufficiently distinct for most refrigerants and provide a good indication of the refrigerant type.

Exceptions are CFC -12/HFC-134A and CFC too similar to allow clears identification of the substances.

In order to measure the pressure ,a manifold gauge has to be connected to the cylinder/equipment. The pressure and temperature should be measured at the same time. If the cylinder/equipment is stored at a constant temperature, the ambient temperature will be identical with that of the ODS. The location of the access valves is described in the above section on refrigerant identifiers/analyser. Using the pressure/temperature relationships in ANNEX B8, the type of ODS can be determined.

 This method can be ineffective if nitrogen or other gases are put into the cylinder/equipment. This will alter the temperature/pressure relationship.

 LEAK DETECTORS.

 Leak detectors do not indentify or analyse a specific refrigerant. They indicate the presence of certain atoms (e.g chroline or fluorine atoms) in the air that would be present only if the cylinder is leaking.

 New cylinder with virgin refrigerant usually do not leak. Refilled contained may leak and can be mislabeled.

 Storage areas for refrigerants should be regularly inspected for leaks for safety reasons.

 The "soap bubble method" is another simple method to locate leaks.

This method does not require any testing equipment, other than liquid soap.

 In this regards meeting of parties Burkina Faso provide a framework for significant measures of preventing ODS and exporting our molded obsolete equipment and that Africa countries get appropriate support from the possible. 

 National OZONE Unit.

 Toward A National framework of ODS phase out programme governing officials of these agencies are well-trained officials of minimal protocol but may have little knowledge of custom operation. It is important that Ozone officers and custom officials may regularly in the implementation of the phase out- programme.

 1.    Phase out plan.

2.    Intensive training of customs officers is also being undertaken to combat the emerging problems of ODS illegal trade.

 Matching of the parties Burkina Faso provide framework for significant on measures of preventing and exporting             

Obstructed equipment African countries get appropriate support to protect them from possible.

 Methyl Bromide as fumigant has been used for soil purposes. The phase out plan for this is the year 2010.

TO View the web-side.

 Custom offices Training Manual.

 Custom Enforcement Montreal.

 1.    What is Montreal protocol.

2.    What is the ODS phase out schedule.

3.    What is the difference between ODS and ODS based product.

4.    What is the mind of ODS ,trade with

5.    What is provision cost non- provincial authorities.

 National shagetics ODS in phase out.